Activated carbon starts life as coconut shells, wood, or coal. It gets superheated with gas until it’s full of tiny pores.
One gram of activated carbon has a surface area the size of a football field. Seriously. That’s a lot of nooks and crannies for bad guys to get trapped in.
Think of it as a microscopic Velcro jungle. Chlorine, pesticides, and weird tastes get stuck. Clean water flows through.